It is an X-linked disorder of intestinal copper ab­sorption. About 65 per cent of the amount ingested is ex­creted in the urine, the remainder in the feces. e. It functions as a ferroxidase enzyme dur­ing iron transport. All of the mass of the trace elements put together (less than 10 grams for a human body) do not add up to the body mass of magnesium, the least common of the 11 non-trace elements. This chapter is a summary of the role of the following essential trace elements in the etiology and prevention of chronic diseases: iron, zinc, fluoride, selenium, copper, chromium, iodine, manganese, and molybdenum. a. Since they are not produced in the human body, their only source is food and nutrients. High concentrations of zinc are present in sperma­tozoa, prostate and epididymis. The occurrence of "traces" of other elements, notably some of the heavy metals, was reported from time to time; but they were regarded as accidental constituents that had found their way into the organism as chance ingredients of the food or water that was consumed. The organic form is bound to protein and precipitated by protein-precipitating agents. It would be desirable for modern medicine to prevent the toxic effects of trace elements in predisposed persons as well as establishing personalized dietary recommendations for some trace elements to optimize health status. There may be thirst, dehydration, signs of collapse and death due to circulatory failure. If treatment is started very early, the thyroid becomes normal. The blood range between 0.1 mg% – 0.6 mg% usually shows clinical symptoms. The children are dull, and inactive and show pallor of the skin. a. Selenium is essential for normal growth, fertility and for the prevention of a wide variety of diseases in animals, although not known as essential for humans. c. Defects in renal tubular reabsorption and glomerular filtration. The disorder is found among Bantus in South Africa. d. The deficiency of zinc causes hepatosplenomegaly, delayed closure of the epiphy­ses of the long bones, and anemia. TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN BODY 99 2 Mercury in Industry Metallic mercury vaporizes readily at room temperature and has a saturated concentration at that temperature of 10 mg./ms. Abundant ele-ments consist of the major elements that are involved in the formation of covalent bonds What are Trace Elements? The clinical features show that unless therapy is started promptly at birth, many severe symptoms like mental retardation, temperature instability, abnormal bone formation and susceptibility to in­fection are not to be cured. Within living beings they remain in balance, and both their absence and their excess, can cause problems in the organism to become pathological. a. Fluoride, in trace quantities, is essential for the development of teeth and bones. In such regions, iodide is commonly added to the drinking water or table salt in concentration of 1 : 5000-1 : 200,000. During pregnancy, iron is lost to the fetus. In healthy adult male or in healthy women af­ter menopause, the dietary requirement is negligi­ble unless any deficiency or loss of iron occurs. It is widely distributed in tissues. Answer Now and help others. The nor­mal concentration of iron in blood is 65-170 ng/100 ml. The following points highlight the eleven main trace elements present in human body. Ferrous ion being oxidized to ferric ion combines with apoferritin to form iron containing protein. This amount is easily obtained from the diet. b. Endogenous zinc is secreted into the small intestine in the pancreatic juice. 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